конечно входят!!! - это же родственники свиней!

Я вначале хотел назвать тему - энтелодоны, но потом решил расширить круг рассматриваемых зверюг.

Напрасно, батенька.

Эти виды судя по всему были толи ужасными полухищниками, толи падальщиками, во всяком случае они вполне могли занимать нишу арктодуса в свое время.

Dinohyus hollandi



Dinohyus (Dinohyus hollandi)

Order: Artiodactyla

Family: Entelodontidae

Dinohyus hollandi ('terrible hog of Holland') was a large bison-sized member of an ancient group of mammals known as entelodonts. Fossil evidence indicates that the Dinohyus first arrived during the Oligocene of North American about 29 million years ago and is believed to have gone extinct during the Miocene around 16 million years ago. Its emergence parallels the rise of the vast North American grasslands that dominated the landscape of that time. Standing as much as 7 feet at the shoulder with a body length spanning 10 feet, Dinohyus was a large animal by any standards. Its limbs were long and gracile ending in two small-hoofed toes. The relatively small proportions of the legs seem to be in contrast with its large robust head and body and probably gave it the ability to effectively move across its prairie grassland habitat.

Fossil skulls of Dinohyus measure more than a meter long. The large jaws were lined with an arsenal of teeth, possessing large upper and lower canine tusks and an assortment of premolars and incisors. A pronounced sagittal crest ran the length of the top of the skull providing attachment for the huge jaw muscles. The most distinct features of the skull were the large jugals (cheekbones), which jutted downward and out from the orbits. The jugals may have acted as facial protection during battle with sexual rivals or simply used for display to show sexual dominance. Healed punctures and scrapes found on Dinohyus skulls as well as other bones indicate that they probably did fight against themselves. The lower jaw also possessed a unique set of bony knobs know as "mandibular tubercles," which may have also served as a sexual feature or for recognition in a group hierarchy.

The Dinohyus has sometimes been described as being a carnivore, but examination of its dentition and the dietary habits of its modern relatives indicate that it was probably an omnivore. An omnivorous life-style would have allowed for a more diverse menu during times of drought or other times of hardship. Dinohyus was probably an opportunistic feeder and may have spent most of its time scavenging the kills of predators or rooting in the earth for plants and roots. Its large size and ferocious gape would have easily deterred predators away from their prey as the Dinohyus moved in to feed. Although it was not an active hunter, it may have dispensed of young, weak, or dying animals. Fossilized Moropus (a mammal contemporary with Dinohyus) bones have been found possessing tooth marks that accurately fit those of Dinohyus and indicate that it was at least feeding on carrion.

Some of the most remarkably preserved Dinohyus specimens have been found at the Agate Fossil Beds National Monument located on the Niobrara River in northwestern Nebraska. The fossil site is believed to have resulted from a deadly drought in which animals began to gather around increasingly shrinking water holes that pitted the stream bed. The scene would have been reminiscent of present-day water-hole congregations that occur during droughts in Africa. The majority of the fossilized bones belong to the ancient rhinoceros called Menoceras, whereas Dinohyus bones are rare in comparison. Other finds at the Agate Fossil Beds include the remains of the chalicothere Moropus, the camel Stenomylus, the prehistoric beaver Paleocastor, and the bear-dog Daphoenodon.

Mounted skeletons of Dinohyus other than those at the Agate Fossil Beds can be found at the University of Nebraska State Museum in Lincoln, Nebraska; the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Итак- длина тела 3метра, высота в холке - 210см!!! Охренеть!

Отредактировано Nimravid (25 September 2007 23:09:25)

extinct genus of giant piglike mammals found as fossils in deposits of early Miocene age in North America (the Miocene Epoch occurred 23.7 to 5.3 million years ago). Dinohyus is the last and largest of a group of mammals called entelodonts, an early offshoot of the primitive swine stock. As large as a bison, it stood at least 2 m (6 feet) tall at the shoulder;

Daeodon shoshonensis
http://www.keltationsart.com/Daeodon-skel.htm

Dinohyus or "terrible pig" is what this beast used to be known as, and it certainly must have had a terrible appearance. But is only distantly related to true pigs and hippos, all of which belong to the same suborder, Paleodonta.  Along with Archaeotherium it is a member of the now extinct Entelodontidae.

Daeodon lived during the lower Miocene of western North America about 18 million years ago. A part of the artiodactyl radiation that followed the rise of vast grasslands during this time. One location where numerous Daeodon's bones were found was at Agate Springs, in Sioux County Nebraska in the late19th Century. These were part of a massive bone bed, laid down in a stream deposit.  This location points towards the probability that these animals died in some sort of natural calamity, most likely a  drought. They may have crowded around the last pools in a drying river bed where they perished. The final result being their bones were eventually washed downstream and accumulated  in a river bend where they are found today.  Moropus is also found here

Daeodon was bison sized, standing about seven feet tall at the shoulder, with a head over one meter long. Click Here to see the skeleton. At first glance the massive skull is very reminiscent of a primitive predatory animal such as a Creodont,  with large canine tusks, sharp pre-molars and a long snout.  But on closer examination the bunodont  (low-crowned)  teeth, show characteristics that point to an omnivorous way of life.   Meat in the form of carrion may have been a very important element of its diet. Bones of Moropus have been found with tooth marks that match the teeth of Daeodon very well.  It was unlikely that Daeodon was an active hunter. Perhaps it ambushed the very young of the camel Oxydactylus or the rhino Menoceros when the parents' guard was down. But an animal as huge and odiferous as Daeodon must have been, probably did not make a living as a stealthy killer.

An enormous saggital crest ran along the top of the skull of Daeodon, and there was large surface area on the mandible for the attachment of robust jaw operating muscles helped Daeodon crush into nuts, roots, carcasses, or each other. The skulls of all Entelodonts sport bony flanges on the malar bones. and  protuberances on the lower jaw.  These protrusions probably served a sexual recognition or group hierarchy function.

The limbs were surprisingly long and gracile and seem a little out of proportion with the heavily muscled body, but were obviously meant to propel Daeodon at a very respectable speed over good distances. The feet ended in two small-hoofed toes (didactyl ) which on the skeleton look a little small  to hold up such a huge beast.  Daeodon probably  had large hoofs and plantar pads on the feet to absorb shock and stabilize the animal as it moved. Fossilized tracks of Daeodon have been found in ancient mud at Agate Springs.

The physical damage found on many of the Daeodon bones, including many punctures and scrapes on the skull, seems to indicate that Daeodon probably fought amongst themselves during mating rituals, or over territory, or perhaps carcass rights. I can imagine them swinging their massive heads from side to side with mouths open, bellowing out some guttural sound, curling  back their lips and bearing the huge teeth and shoving with those powerful bodies.

The painting above captures a moment between two male Daeodon squaring off on the Miocene grassland  somewhere near Agate Springs. They roar a challenge at each other before coming together in clash of tusks and a cloud of dust. In the far background is the twin horned rhinoceros Menoceros arikarensis, whose bones are also found in abundance at Agate Springs.

Еще:

"ancient beast"   muscular study

http://www.keltationsart.com/Archaeo-skel.htm

Archaeotherium mortoni was one of the earliest and largest species of the Archaeotherium genus. It lived during the North American Oligocene epoch about 35 million years ago. Its bones have been found in the White River Badlands of South Dakota. Like the larger Daeodon, it was a member of the Entelodontidae, a family whose remains are known from Europe and Asia as well as North America.

Archaeotherium appeared before Daeodon in the geologic record, and it was smaller, roughly cow - sized, standing at about five feet at the shoulder. Entelodonts are now considered to have been more carnivorous than previously thought, click here to read an interesting article on this subject.

Other than the huge grotesque skull, the axial (trunk) and apendicular (limbs) skeleton of Archaeotherium follows the basic artiodactyl body plan, which helped me to correlate the approximate  superficial muscle types and densities for this reconstruction.  The muscles that operated the jaws are fairly straight forward to reconstruct in terms of placement and approximate size. However,  the facial  muscles anterior (in front of)  the orbits are more difficult to reconstruct with absolute certainty because there are no living analogs for Archaeotherium. For this painting I referenced pig and deer anatomy, along with some educated guesswork to infer the type and position for these muscles.

Archaeotherium has very large, well developed neural spines on its thoracic vertebrae, which gave it a tall hump between the shoulders much like a bison.   These spines, along with the scapula (shoulder blade with its cartilage cap) and a  prominent occipital crest at the base of the skull,  served as origins and insertions for broad expanses of the splenius, rhomboideus, trapezius and cleidomastoid muscles, which help to make up the bulk of the neck and shoulder region. This gave incredible head tossing power to these animals.  And with heads that huge, they needed it! 

Я лично думаю, что свин просто отнимал добычу у других хищников своей эпохи, благо он их всех превосходил размером, причем тотально.


правда на картинке девочка какая то мелкая, но все равно рисунок дает представление о размерах зверей.

Отредактировано Nimravid (26 September 2007 22:39:33)

А кстати этот самый гиенодон обитал где и когда?
С динохиусом обитал хорридус - он был мелкий.

Да я помню, но то был энтелодон из Азии, я привел рисунок динохиуса = даноедона, который обитал в северной америке и написано, что он был самым последним и самым крупным из всех энтелодонов.

А как там была латынь того гиенодона из прогулок, не помнишь? Может гигантеус?

Dinohyus first arrived during the Oligocene of North American about 29 million years ago and is believed to have gone extinct during the Miocene around 16 million years ago.

значит динохиус жил от 29 - 16 млн лет назад - до середины миоцена дотянул! Однако ж!

Энтелодон - c сайта ВВС написано, чт он жил 45-25 million years ago в азии  - чуть раньше чем динохиус в америке. Можно ли доверять этой инфе - это вопрос.
 
Entelodont
Entelodon spp.
These extinct relatives of modern pigs were common in Mongolia.

Meaning of scientific name
"perfect toothed"

Statistics
Several species are known but the largest was about 2.1m at the shoulder.

Physical Description
The largest entelodonts were around 6 feet at the shoulder and would have been fearsome-looking animals with their skulls covered in bony knobbles and mouths full of huge teeth.

Distribution
Partial skeletons are commonly found in the Hsanda Gol fossil beds of Mongolia, but there are much better preserved and very similar fossils found in North America.

Habitat
They lived on the grassless scrubby plains of Asia and North America.

Diet
They probably mostly scavenged carcasses, but also anything else they could find.

Behaviour
Many entelodont skulls have very severe wounds  some have gashes up to 2cm deep in the bone between the eyes  which can only have been inflicted by other entelodonts during fights. In fact it seems to have been quite common for one to fit anothers head entirely in its mouth! The bony lumps all over their faces, like those of modern warthogs, were designed to protect delicate areas during these fights. This seems to have worked well as even very scarred entelodonts show no damage to the protected eyes or nose. Their huge skulls were enormously powerful and designed to crush bones, and many bones found in the same fossil bed as entelodonts show the signs of their teeth marks so they were clearly scavengers, and probably ate anything they came across. Their thickly enamelled teeth are often broken, and also show marks that suggest they chewed vines and exposed roots for water in the dry season.

Conservation status
Extinct.

History
They lived 45-25 million years ago. The entelodonts were a group related to the pigs, which evolved from cloven-hoofed animals on the forest floor in the mid-Eocene.

Best place to see
Natural History Museum.

Closest relative
Modern pigs and other cloven-hoofed animals.

Отредактировано Nimravid (29 September 2007 23:45:26)

Луис лики при раскопках австралопитеков находил и кости доисторических животных . так вот он нашол остатки древнего кабана АФРОЧЕРУСА палеонтологи его клыки приняли сначала за бивни слона а сам он был размером с носорога . кто знает инфу о  этом клыкастом хрюндиле.

Я вот пыталась найти упомянутого "афрочеруса" как afrochoerus, но как-то не нашла.

По дискавери шол фильм \ Мегахищники\ там был показан американский энтелодон -Мегакорис, якобы он наибольший в этом семействе?

Afrochoerus- очень интиресный свинтус с клыками  прямыми ,как у мастодонта , и приличными по длине, может у зоометода есть рисунки ?

И за это огромное спасибо. А в вашей книге нет еще каких нибудьжирафид или палеомерицин (извиняюсь что не в теме)

Как произнести название этой свиньи с шишкой на лбу? Кубанохер что ли?