Я вот посмотрела.. вот ссылочка
http://www.naturalworlds.org/wolf/histo … istory.htm

Почему тогда у него череп типичного хищника? И разве у других падальщиков наблбдаются тонкие слабые ноги?
Ужасный и обыкновенный волки могли сосуществовать в Америке, как там сосуществуют пума и рысь. Рысь в Америке "специально" маленькая, чтоб их ниши не перекрывались.

А как они были одинакового размера, если череп у ужасного волка был больше? Он что был непомерно большим для туловища?
Ты говоришь что родина их - Южная Америка, и в то же время говоришь что в Северную Америку они пришли из Сибири. Это как??

Miracinonyx, длина черепа серого волка в среднем - 29 см, ужасного - 33.
Скорее всего ужасные волки весили 70-90 кг, а у серых волков разброс в весе очень большой - 18-70 кг.
Я видел только череп ужасного волка, а у тебя есть фотка со скелетом?

Слушай, а эти, собаки-костегрызы...их же несколько было, наверное подсемейство целое. Ты не в курсе?

ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ВОЛЧЬИХ

http://www.nhm.org/exhibitions/dogs/evo … lution.htm

Dr. Xiaoming Wang (xwang@nhm.org), Associate Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

In collaboration with Dr. Richard Tedford at the American Museum of Natural History (New York City), we are working on several projects on extinct fossil dogs, the family Canidae (ancestral wolves, coyotes, foxes, etc.). The project is aimed at resolving the genealogical relationships among a diverse group of fossil canids in the middle through late Tertiary (approximately 34 to 2 million years ago) of North America. These fossil "dogs" play an important role as top predators of their time, and many had similar adaptations as living hyenas. The Frick Collections at the American Museum of Natural History has the best collection of fossil canids, and much of these were previously unknown to science. Using a modern method called cladistics and with the help of sophisticated computer programs, we attempt to decipher the evolutionary relationships among the extinct dogs. We will then place their geological and geographical occurrences under this new evolutionary framework and search for their paleoenvironmental implications.

History and Diversity

    Canids originated in the late Eocene more than 40 million years ago.  As the most ancient group in the order Carnivora, the family Canidae is the first to emerge from the more archaic group of Miacidae.  The phylogenetic relationships of the Canidae indicates that it is the most primitive among the dog-like carnivores (Caniformia) and is a sister to the Arctoidea.  Ancestral canid (in the subfamily Hesperocyoninae) begins to have a ossified bony middle ear cavity and elongated limbs adapted for fast running.

    There are three major radiations of the family Canidae: the subfamilies Hesperocyoninae, Borophaginae, and Caninae.  Modern canids are all grouped within the last subfamily Caninae.  Through careful observations of their skull and dental features, we can reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships.

Subfamily Hesperocyoninae.  This is the most ancient and archaic group of canid.  Originated and remained in North America, this group of canid became dominate carnivores of its time.

    Hesperocyon gregarius
    Mesocyon coryphaeus
    Enhydrocyon basilatus
Subfamily Borophaginae.  Commonly known as the hyenoid dogs, this is the largest and most diverse group of ancient canids.  The Borophaginae is confined to North America during its entire existence.  Species in this group span a wide spectrum of ecological niches from raccoon-like omnivores to hyena-like top predators.  Some of the more charismatic species has been the subjects of artistic reconstructions and public fascination.  The subfamily became extinct shortly before the Pleistocene.

    Otarocyon cooki
    Cynarctus crucidens
    Aelurodon taxoides
    Borophagus diversidens
Subfamily Caninae.  This group contains all of the living canids in the world.  The world-wide distribution of modern canids is the result of their migrations during the late Cenozoic in the last 5 million years or so.

Our works on this last subfamily is still in progress.  As in the subfamilies Hesperocyoninae and Borophaginae, we will attempt a detailed, species-level phylogenetic analysis of the Caninae.  The result will be published in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History







Hesperocyon gregarius, 37-29 million years old, western North America.  This is the oldest and most ancient canid known.  The size of a small fox, this animal gave rise to all of the later canids.

Mesocyon coryphaeus, 29-21 million years old, western North America.  This splendidly preserved dog is first discovered in the John Day Formation of central Oregon.  It is derived from Hesperocyon and in turn gave rise a group of archaic bone crushing dog called Enhydrocyon.  This animal is the size of a coyote (scale bar is 20 mm).

Enhydrocyon basilatus, 25-21 million years old, western North America.  This is the first canid to evolve dental adaptations for crushing bones.  The size of a small wolf, it is capable of cracking bones of its prey in order to extract the nutritious marrows.

Otarocyon cooki, 30-24 million years old, western North America.  This ancestral borophagine features an inflated ear region (tympanic bulla) that are adapted to open desert environments.



Cynarctus crucidens, 12-9 million years old, western North America.  This large fox-sized canid evolved the most omnivorous type of dentition with enormously enlarged upper and lower molars.  It is rather like a modern raccoon, emphasizing its grinding part of the molar.

Aelurodon taxoides, 12-9 million years old, western North America.  The skull and dental shape of this large wolf-sized predator is very similar to the modern African hunting dog (Lycaon), with broad palate and cuspidate premolars.  Like the African hunting dogs, Aelurodon may have been a social hunter that teams up with other members of the clan to increase predatory efficiency.



Borophagus diversidens, 5-2 million years old, western North America.  This ferocious canid is the terminal member of the subfamily Borophaginae -- the entire subfamily went extinct after the last member of this species died just before the Ice Age of Pleistocene.  This animal is the ultimate of bone crushing dogs, equipped with a powerful lower fourth premolar and a prominently domed forehead.



Relationships of families of Carnivora.  Family Canidae arises first within the dog-like group (Caniformia).



Canid diversity for each of the subfamilies: Hesperocyoninae (brown), Borophaginae (purple), and Caninae (green).  The two extinct subfamilies, Hesperocyoninae and Borophaginae, achieved their maximum diversity in 28 Ma and 14 Ma respectively.  Whereas the subfamily Caninae did not diversify until much later during the Pliocene and Pleistocene (5 Ma and later).  The width of the horizontal bars represents the number of species in a slice of time.  Scales on the left are ages in million years and the North America Land Mammal Ages.



Phylogenetic relationships of the Canidae.  This tree is based on a more detailed analysis of all North American species of canids using cladistic method.  Dental adaptations toward bone cracking (red) and omnivory (green) are repeatedly developed in various subfamilies.  Scales on the left are ages in million years and the North America Land Mammal Ages.

This artist reconstruction of an Epicyon haydeni, the largest canid in the world achieving the size of a large bear, chasing after an extinct camel-like Synthetoceras in the late Miocene.  This art work by Mark Hallett has won the 2002 John J. Lanzendorf PaleoArt Award of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Dispersal of canids in the last few million years of their history.  North America is the cradle during much of the canid evolution (red dots represents localities of North American Tertiary canids).  Only in the last 5 million years or so, canids became successful at expanding their ranges into various continents of the world.

Отредактировано Nimravid (10 October 2007 22:12:08)

Я читал что из современных хищных самые древние псовые, мне почему-то казалось что куньи.

Видел где-то черепок какой-то бонкрашинг-собачки, вроде она мелкая. Но это ж целое подсемейство, может кто-то был и крупный. Интересно этот эпицион сталкивался с динокрокутой?

А да, точно, забыл. Как гиен не было? Борофаги вымирают только 2,5 миллиона лет назад, а динокрокута жила 7 миллионов лет назад.
Вряд ли борофаги предки ужасных волков, хотя чем черт не шутит.

Да, мощный. Но всё же это не динокрокута. Она была поистине ужасной. Больше пахикрокут, ты только представь.

На картинках рядом с волком ужасный волк выглядит гигантом, но пишут что он весил всего 50 кг. Картинки скорее всего не верны, но и вес в 50 кг это слишком мало. Череп у ужасного волка гораздо больше чем у волка и любого современного псового.
Самое крупное же из псовых это эпицион. Указан рост в плече 90 см. Почти столько же сколько могут достигать экстремально крупные волки и значительно меньше чем самые высокие собаки. Рекорд догов и ирландских волкодавов около 110 см. Но эпицион скорее всего был крупнее, так как был не только высоким, но и мощным. Такое строение характерно для всех борофагов.

Род борофагус или остеоборус скорее всего был вроде гиен, а эпицион говорят активным хищником.
Остеоборус был размером с койота, но гораздо мощнее и с очень сильными челюстями, заднекоренные зубы у него были очень крупными.