Амфиционы позднего эоцена Китая:
http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app48/app48-293.pdf

Хотел перевести текст и закинуть так, но лень... :-)

The dominant larger Oligocene carnivores became extinct during the late Oligocene and were replaced in the early Miocene by amphicyonine amphicyonids and hemicyonine ursids that entered North America from Eurasia. During a five million-year interval from -23 to 18 Ma, large amphicyonines appear in late Arikareean and early Hemingfordian faunas of the North American midcontinent. Although most fossils are from western Nebraska and southeastern Wyoming, occurrences of amphicyonines at several sites in the eastern United States indicate that they rapidly established a broad geographic distribution in North America during the early Miocene. This report describes and summarizes the North American specimens of the rare immigrant amphicyonine Ysengrinia, the first large amphicyonine to enter the New World. Ysengrinia exists in North America from ~23 to 19 Ma, becoming extinct at the end of the late Arikareean. A single species of Ysengrinia is recognized in North America: Y americana, comb. Nov, restricted to the late Arikareean of western Nebraska and southeastern Wyoming. The North American hypodigm includes the only known complete skull of the genus, associated with a mandible and partial postcranial skeleton. Because most Eurasian occurrences of Ysengrinia are limited to mandibles or isolated teeth of single individuals, intraspecific variation in teeth and skeleton in these carnivores has been difficult to determine. The more complete North American specimens provide estimates of dental and osteological variation in Ysengrinia, and suggest that the North American species is dimorphic. Species range in size from <5 kg to >200 kg. Among the largest amphicyonids are Old and New World species of the genus Amphicyon: A giganteus in Europe and Africa, A ingens in North America. Amphicyon first appears in the Oligocene of western Europe, surviving there until the late Miocene. Migration to Africa and North America takes place in the early Miocene. The genus occurs in the Arrisdrift fauna of southwest Africa, indicating migration south through the length of the African continent by the mid-Miocene. Its occurrence in Asia is problematical because of the tendency to place any moderately large Asian amphicyonid in the genus, and because of the fragmentary nature of many fossils. Here I report the earliest North American occurrences of Amphicyon, assigning these individuals to a new and previously undescribed species, Amphicyon galushai, from early Hemingfordian sediments of western Nebraska and north-central Colorado. In the New World, small early Hemingfordian Amphicyon galushai is probably ancestral to larger late Hemingfordian A frendens, and to the terminal and largest species of the genus, early to mid-Barstovian A ingens. Diagnostic basicranial and dental traits place these species in the Amphicyonidae, and demonstrate a close relationship of the North American lineage to the type species of the genus, A major, from Sansan, France. Amphicyon galushai is known from a complete adult skull, a partial juvenile skull, three mandibles, and the isolated teeth and postcranial elements of 15 individuals, all from the early Miocene Runningwater Formation of western Nebraska. The species also is represented by a crushed rostrum from the Troublesome Formation, north-central Colorado. Basicranial, dental, and postcranial anatomy distinguish A galushai from its contemporary in the Runningwater Formation, the large digitigrade beardog Daphoenodon. The Runningwater Formation contains the last occurrence of Daphoenodon in North America and the first occurrence of Amphicyon; the overlap in stratigraphic ranges of these two carnivores provides a useful early Miocene biostratigraphic datum. The two amphicyonids occur together in the same quarries, associated with canid, mustelid, and rare procyonid carnivores, which are much smaller animals. The North American species of Amphicyon most likely adopted ecological roles similar to the large living felids.

Species range in size from <5 kg to >200 kg. Among the largest amphicyonids are Old and New World species of the genus Amphicyon: A giganteus in Europe and Africa, A ingens in North America. Amphicyon first appears in the Oligocene of western Europe, surviving there until the late Miocene. Migration to Africa and North America takes place in the early Miocene. The genus occurs in the Arrisdrift fauna of southwest Africa, indicating migration south through the length of the African continent by the mid-Miocene. Its occurrence in Asia is problematical because of the tendency to place any moderately large Asian amphicyonid in the genus, and because of the fragmentary nature of many fossils. Here I report the earliest North American occurrences of Amphicyon, assigning these individuals to a new and previously undescribed species, Amphicyon galushai, from early Hemingfordian sediments of western Nebraska and north-central Colorado. In the New World, small early Hemingfordian Amphicyon galushai is probably ancestral to larger late Hemingfordian A frendens, and to the terminal and largest species of the genus, early to mid-Barstovian A ingens. Diagnostic basicranial and dental traits place these species in the Amphicyonidae, and demonstrate a close relationship of the North American lineage to the type species of the genus, A major, from Sansan, France. Amphicyon galushai is known from a complete adult skull, a partial juvenile skull, three mandibles, and the isolated teeth and postcranial elements of approximately 15 individuals, all from the early Miocene Runningwater Formation of western Nebraska. The species also is represented by a crushed rostrum from the Troublesome Formation, north-central Colorado. Basicranial, dental, and postcranial anatomy distinguish A galushai from its contemporary in the Runningwater Formation, the large digitigrade beardog Daphoenodon. The Runningwater Formation contains the last occurrence of Daphoenodon in North America and the first occurrence of Amphicyon; the overlap in stratigraphic ranges of these two carnivores provides a useful early Miocene biostratigraphic datum. The two amphicyonids occur together in the same quarries, associated with canid, mustelid, and rare procyonid carnivores, which are much smaller animals. The North American species of Amphicyon most likely adopted ecological roles similar to the large living felids. Species range in size from 5 kg to 200 kg. Among the smallest and rarest amphicyonids are Oligocene species of Paradaphoenus Wortman and Matthew, found at a few localities in the Great Plains and the Pacific Northwest. Paradaphoenus is known from only 10 individuals placed in 3 species, representing a single lineage ranging from the Orellan to Arikareean. The existence of three skulls, one with associated mandibles, allows the identification of diagnostic basicranial and dental traits that place the genus in the Amphicyonidae. Basicranial anatomy, including a rudimentary ectotympanic auditory bulla, distinguishes the genus from more abundant small contemporary canids, such as Hesperocyon.

It consists largely of the tracks of vertebrates, including turtles, large and small birds, and a variety of large and small mammals. In addition, two types of invertebrate traces are present. The turtle tracks are attributed to two new ichnospecies, Chelonipus chadronicus and C parvus, and are placed in the new morphofamily Chelonipedidae. Proposals are advanced for the overhaul of the present classification of avian tracks. The new morphofamilies Gruipedidae, Cbaradriipedidae, Avipedidae, and Anatipedidae are proposed. Emended diagnoses are formulated for the ichnogenera Gruipeda Panin and Avram, Ardeipeda Panin and Avram, Charadriipeda Panin and Avram, Avipeda Vialov, and Anatipeda Panin and Avram, and their type species. The new genus Fuscinapeda is proposed and its type species, F sirin, emended. Three new species, Gruipeda calcarifera, Fuscinapeda meunierii and F texana, are proposed, and two other avian footprint morphotypes are also described. Nineteen morphotypes of mammalian footprints are distinguished. The majority are placed in new ichnogenera and species. These include Schyromorphipus oxypages, probably an insectivore; Zanclonychopus cinicalcator, a creodont; five carnivores, one surely and another probably miacids, one probably a mustelid, and two probably amphicyonids; a likely mesonychian; three types of perissodactyls, including a tapiroid and a rhinocerotoid; a problematic footprint, possibly also a perissodactyl or a creodont; two artiodactyls, a probable entelodont and camel-like tracks; four types of rodent tracks, of which two are named. One footprint morphotype remains of uncertain systematic affinity. We emend the ichnogenus Bestiopeda Vialov and propose a new ichnogenus, Chelipus, to accommodate one of Vialov's species no longer attributable to Bestiopeda. We offer emended diagnoses for the artiodactyl ichnogenera Pecoripeda Vialov, Odocoileinichnium Aramayo and Bianco, and Lamaichnium Aramayo and Bianco. We elevate Cervipeda Vialov from subgeneric to generic status and emend it. Two morphotypes of invertebrate traces are reported.

These two genera comprise the Simocyonidae, which is a branch of the amphicyonids, and are not related to Recent canids. The dominant larger Oligocene carnivores became extinct during the late Oligocene and were replaced in the early Miocene by amphicyonine amphicyonids and hemicyonine ursids that entered North America from Eurasia. During a five million-year interval from apprx23 to 18 Ma, large amphicyonines appear in late Arikareean and early Hemingfordian faunas of the North American midcontinent. Although most fossils are from western Nebraska and southeastern Wyoming, occurrences of amphicyonines at several sites in the eastern United States indicate that they rapidly established a broad geographic distribution in North America during the early Miocene. This report describes and summarizes the North American specimens of the rare immigrant amphicyonine Ysengrinia, the first large amphicyonine to enter the New World. Ysengrinia exists in North America from apprx23 to 19 Ma, becoming extinct at the end of the late Arikareean. A single species of Ysengrinia is recognized in North America: Y americana, comb. Nov, restricted to the late Arikareean of western Nebraska and southeastern Wyoming. The North American hypodigm includes the only known complete skull of the genus, associated with a mandible and partial postcranial skeleton. Because most Eurasian occurrences of Ysengrinia are limited to mandibles or isolated teeth of single individuals, intraspecific variation in teeth and skeleton in these carnivores has been difficult to determine. The more complete North American specimens provide estimates of dental and osteological variation in Ysengrinia, and suggest that the North American species is dimorphic. Species range in size from <5 kg to >200 kg. Among the largest amphicyonids are Old and New World species of the genus Amphicyon: A giganteus in Europe and Africa, A ingens in North America. Amphicyon first appears in the Oligocene of western Europe, surviving there until the late Miocene. Migration to Africa and North America takes place in the early Miocene. The genus occurs in the Arrisdrift fauna of southwest Africa, indicating migration south through the length of the African continent by the mid-Miocene. Its occurrence in Asia is problematical because of the tendency to place any moderately large Asian amphicyonid in the genus, and because of the fragmentary nature of many fossils. Here I report the earliest North American occurrences of Amphicyon, assigning these individuals to a new and previously undescribed species, Amphicyon galushai, from early Hemingfordian sediments of western Nebraska and north-central Colorado. In the New World, small early Hemingfordian Amphicyon galushai is probably ancestral to larger late Hemingfordian A frendens, and to the terminal and largest species of the genus, early to mid-Barstovian A ingens. Diagnostic basicranial and dental traits place these species in the Amphicyonidae, and demonstrate a close relationship of the North American lineage to the type species of the genus, A major, from Sansan, France. Amphicyon galushai is known from a complete adult skull, a partial juvenile skull, three mandibles, and the isolated teeth and postcranial elements of apprx15 individuals, all from the early Miocene Runningwater Formation of western Nebraska. The species also is represented by a crushed rostrum from the Troublesome Formation, north-central Colorado. Basicranial, dental, and postcranial anatomy distinguish A galushai from its contemporary in the Runningwater Formation, the large digitigrade beardog Daphoenodon. The Runningwater Formation contains the last occurrence of Daphoenodon in North America and the first occurrence of Amphicyon; the overlap in stratigraphic ranges of these two carnivores provides a useful early Miocene biostratigraphic datum. The two amphicyonids occur together in the same quarries, associated with canid, mustelid, and rare procyonid carnivores, which are much smaller animals. The North American species of Amphicyon most likely adopted ecological roles similar to the large living felids.


(c) http://eurekamag.com/keyword/a/201/amphicyonids.php

Crazy Zoologist :

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a769171329~frm=abslink офигенная работа по амфициону. Господа, как её надыбать?
Ecomorphology of the giant bear-dogs Amphicyon and Ischyrocyon

Эта работа кусками выложена в этой теме  почти полностью !

Hatcher 1902. Oligocene Canidae.pdf
Peterson 1910. Daphoenodon superbus.pdf

Отредактировано Левша (20 December 2010 00:34:41)

Daphoenodon superbus в 600dpi

Алекс, ты писал что у ишироциона череп 47 см, а у ингенса какой?

Есть реконструкции? в сравнении костей у амфа кость  НАМНОГО крупнее.

Crazy Zoologist :

Корвин, а откуда ты эту статью взял?
И что такое Rga?

Ссылку на неё Алекс давал, она приведена выше моего перевода.
  Rga - Relative grinding area.

Да, мощнее, хотя судить сложно, так как у ишироциона морда очень толстая относительно черепной части, но непонятна толщина черепа обоих видов. И у амфициона гораздо более развитый сагиттальный гребень. Ни у кого из плотоядных я такого не встречал.

Crazy Zoologist :

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a769171329~frm=abslink офигенная работа по амфициону. Господа, как её надыбать?
Ecomorphology of the giant bear-dogs Amphicyon and Ischyrocyon

О ней, по-моему, около года назад упоминали зарубежные товарисчи - Тимощукfan или Суперсмилодон, не помню точно.
  Крэйзи, пост № 444. Сан Саныч дал просто сканы страниц, это я уже потом сам с ними мучился, переводил графику в удобоваримый формат и т.д. и т.п.

Отредактировано Сorvin (21 December 2010 00:25:12)

Интересные данные! Судя по показателю Rga самая хищная из списка получается кустарниковая собака, которая опережает даже ликаона и дхоля!

Crazy Zoologist :

Корвин, спасибо.
Алекс, смотри, и по этому снимку видно, что ингенс намного больше ишироциона:
http://img692.imageshack.us/img692/267/ … rocyon.png

В общем,там подписано Ишироцион Сп. Фрагментов черепов Ишироционов найдено много ,размерный интервал 34-47 см длина черепов ,есть ли находки конечностей  именно от экземпляра с 47см черепом наврятли ,но относительно с ингенс они схожи !

Непонятно какого размера был ммагерицион. В статье это не пишут, пишут что был крупным, но череп судя по фотке 20 или около того см. И почему говоря об отличиях от других амфов указывается только отличие в зубной морфологии?